 1
  

      - (1952-1962)      
  ,  ,  ,       
        1954          
     (5 )         
 2

.  
  
   
 3
  
 |  | |  |  | 
  |  |   | 
  ,        ,
  global.penguinrandomhouse.com  
    . .,
 ,   1,  ,
 122002, , 
   
      2004        
    2021    .  , 2004
 
1098765432
        ,       ,  
            
ISBN 9789353490102
 :   
 4
                  
                   
                  
        '         
www.penguin.co.in
FSC Paper from
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FBC C047271
This is a legitimate digitally printed version of the book and therefore might not
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 5
  
-
 6
 .................................................................................................................................... 7
 ............................................................................................................................... 9
 ................................................................................................................................... 10

1     ...................................................................................................... 71
2.-     ......................................................................................... 89
3.     .................................................................................................... 120
4............................................................................................................................. 140
5.  () ............................................................................................................ 162
6.  ......................................................................................................................... 174
7.   .................................................................................................................. 198
8.     .......................................................................................................... 211
9.      .................................................................................................. 221
10.  ;    -
   ............................................................ 239
11.    ..................................................................................................... 251
12.            ........................................... 270
13.  ,   ,      ..................................................................... 279
14.       .............................................................................. 292
15.  .................................................................................................................... 302
16.      .......................................................................................... 310
17.       ................................................................................... 318
18............................................................................................................................. 327
   ................................................................................................................... 358
 ......................................................................................................................... 359
 7

                
                  
-                 
  ,              
                 
                    ,
                
                
            
             ;   
          -   ,     
           ,   ,     
    ,    --     ,    
                  
                ,    
,            ,       
;      ,           
      ,       ,      
                 
          -        ,  
                 
                ,   ,  
         
,     - , 
   -    ,         ,    
           ,           
   ,   ,      ,   
,              - 
-             ,    
      -            
 8
          ,      ,   ;
 ,       -      
                ,  
      ,             
          ,      -
                 
          ,       
                ,  
           ,      
  ,        
             ,   
          ,    ;   
,                 
,                    
             ,      
              ,    
        -         -
   ,           ,      , 
    ,             
 

 9

         ,      
      ,           
 ,        ,     '
1
"         -    
       "
2
"       ,   '   ' (  
)              
  
     ,       - --   
          
  -      
  -       ,     ,    
     "
1
     ,
    
 -
   
2
            
 10

1.    
''              ,
                  ,  
  ,         '       
   '                ,
                 
   ,     ,          
'
3
               
          ,   ,  
                
            ,         
         ,         ,  
               
              
3
                   
            , '' (   
)  '' (   )            
   '    . ,  ,      
   
     ,             ' 
  '         "      ,   
          ,     -     
         ...   -      
                   
: "           ,        ,  
   ,                    
 " ( 1940      341            
 :                      
 ()                  ,
             
   
    ,       , ,
  
 11
               
        ;          
 ,  -               
   ,                
            ,     
    ;    ,      ,  ,  
     ,        '
4
  
  ,            ,
                ,
        ,         
    ,              
,            ;       
           
       ,    ,  
,  ()     ()     ,  
            ,        
 -                  
              
5
,    
          
-   
                 
                   ,
4
    : "            -
           -      
...           "   
    '   (1945)
5
  :
   
   
"      ,               
          "
 12
           
6
 ()   , 
 ()    (), -        
                 
             ?      ,   
              
 '
7
        ,     
       ,          
    ,            ,     
   ,                 , 
                ,   
               ,   
            '
8
   ,            -     ,
            ,    -
           ,    -
 ,       ,      ,  
     -           
-                   ,
           5/5      
      
2.   
6
4, 35
7
    :  
8
' '                   
                
    
   
     
 13
      ,      , 
                   -
                -  
   -      ,        
- '
9
               
               ,    
         23  40   
                700   
   
-     ,       
          ,    - - 
,    --    -     -
              - 200  
                   
            "   
 ,                
,        "
10
'         
          :     
,       
             
             "    
                
       ,         
         ,        ""   
             ,      
- -       
9
  ' ',  1, . 522-25
10
   (1908), . 389        "     , 
                     
     " *       ' (1920),  95 2.
 ,   (1939), . 12, 14
 14
                   
   -     ;         
-      ,             
                
        ,            
                  
                   
   ,       , '      
   
            ,     
  ,           '
11
3.  
            ,    
''          ()    
                  
         ,       
                 
                
                  
     ,           ,
                  
    ,        ,   
,                
                
      -          
,              ,      
     ,            , 
11
      -    ,       

   , . .    '     ' (1930)
 15
                
 ,        
   (  788-820)        
    ,         ,     
  I
12
                  
        -  -    ;  
      ,    ( )       
  ,                  
     - () ,         
      ,           ,   
       ,      ;       
      
             ,     
;    , ,            -   
            
                  ,
      
    -      , 
   '
13
 -'
14
        
        ,          
          
15
,     
12
         ,     ,   
 ,        ,           
    ,              
13
4,37; 4, 33
14
    ,      , 2, 11
       ,             
       :
"    "
15
    
 16
(-) '
16
   ,      ,     
-        
      ,      , 
(  1400)    ( )   
    
     ,          
 (   )         - 
          ''    
    ,         
   ,                  
  ,                  
         ,        
      -            ,
           ,       
    ,               
 (  )    ,          
                  
           ,    ,   ,
                   
                  
        ,            
     ,     ,  ,     
     
                ;  
    ,      ( )  ,      
  ()                , 
 , ' '      "   ";   ,      
     ,      ;   , 
          ;       
16
   ,       
  
 17
 ,               
   , ,             
       ()    ,   
    
              
        .        ,  
                
                 , 
      ()          ,  
                   
,      ,          
           
           ,     
   
          
  (  1199-1276 )     ''  '-' 
                   
              -     
     -     ,         
       ' '           
                  
  
17
'        -    
 (  1162)        ''   
           ,   '' 
     (),  ()   -        
             -
  
17
         -
 18
 (  1479)      ,     ,
            ,      
    ,       ,        
                 
   '
18
      ,          
            
             
            -    
    -     ,  -      
               
19
   ,
    ,    : "       ,     
          ;     "
20
   
   ''  ''     ,     
4.  
   ()           
      ,    -       ,  
          -,      
                
  
             
                
       ,             
                   
             
 ,   
18
  -
19
"    "
20
 ,       
(    : ' ' - )      ''
 19
  ,          ,     
      
 -  ,              
  ,              
 
21
     : "         , 
         ?         
   ?"
22
                
    ()                
  ,        ,    ()    
            
23
      ,
                   
    ,    ( ) "  ;          
  "
24
"           
 "
25
21
   : " ,       ,    " " 
    ,       -      ,
      ,       -  -   -
 -     -             
  ;                 ;
     
        "  :   
 ;   (1923), . 56-57             
,          ,            
 ,           :        
  ,        
,           ,
         ,      
22
2, 4, 12-14
23
'
-'    :
   
    
  ''    ' '  
24
 8       : "     " , 10,
1291          ,         
          ,    ,     
           : "       -
 20
               ',
  
26
'   ' '    ''
27
    
                  
 "            ,     "
28

            ()    -
   ''     ''   ;     
   *
29
             
                  ,  
                 
            ()  ,    
               - "
 ,       ,             
   "   , "  ,         ,   
   ,        ,     "
30
"  
                       
   -    
  "
25
  3, 8, 8   ,    ,        
"   ,    ,
  ;     ,    ,  (
  ) ,  ,     "   339, 21-38  "   " 
   '  '  ,     , "   ...
' -    "      : " 
 
        "     : "      
     , , , ;    ,   ,  ,   ; 
        ,     ,    ;    
,                    
" (,  -   6, 9)
26
2,25
27
13, 12; 13, 15-17
28
 5     2, 1, 6-8;  2, 14;   2, 37; 
 3, 17
29
  13, 15
30
     ,
 21
   ,        ?"
31
   
       "       -  ,   
        -            
          ,       "
32

"  ,   ;       ;    ,     
;    ;      "
33
, "     
                    
   ,     "
34
   ,  -     , 
           , ''   ,
     
35
                 
               ,    -
   '
36
       ,   
     ,       ,    
   , "       ,       
"          ,       ,   
 ;  -        '
37
 () 
 ()       ,         
  ,       ;        
,           ,    "
      
31
        ?
32
4, 1
33
4, 3
34
4, 20
35
 10, 121, 2 :     3, 1    : "    "
32, 39
36
    : "     --       " --
 (  )  19
37
 3, 1, 1-3    : "       ,  
   ;   -     .  -  - -  
       , "  , 14, 76
 22
    ,  ,           
   ,                ,   
 "
38
           ,      
          ,      , ,
,    
39
   :     
            ,    
           ,      
                
   ,     ;     ,       
       
40
               
     ,        ,     
 ,      ,      ,   
   ,       ,       
                
,
          ,  ,       
   ,           ,    ,
         ,      ,
                  
  ,               
38
    
    
39
    
   
    :
   
   
40
         3, 8, 12         
,            ,       
 
 23
   ,        ,  ,
      
         ,        
   ,         
        ,        
   ,                 
                  
          ,        
          ,          
                 
               
                  
   ()      ,     
            ,     
            
41
'    
    
42
           
43
                
   
     ,     
44
'     
 ()    ()
45
        
             ,
     ,      ,     
 ()           ,  
                
    ,            
    ,       ,  ,   , ,
41
18,61
42
9,42
43
7,22
44
    : "         ,      
    "
45
7,4-5
 24
           ,    
                       ,
 ,                  , 
     ,       ,      
 ,               ,  
   ,      -           
    ,  -           

        ,       
,   - 
46
   ,        
               
    : "     :           
  "
47
     
48
   ,       ,   
,               - ,
   
      ,     ,  
            ,     
     ,            
46
 ()   :           ,     
    : "          "   , :
              
47
10,1, 6           : "    
                   
  " , 12, 341,41
48
             ,   '--'  (.
52)         ,          ,  ,
 ''     ,              
      ,      
     , 6, 34
 25
        ,  ,     
          ;         
    
49
             ,    
         ,         ! 
   ( )           ,  -
                  
            ,        ,
   

   ,        
  ,           ,       
                 
         ,       
50
 
           ,     
51
  
  
    , 
         
              ,      , 
 ,     ,       
5.
49
       ,       ,       , 
     ,     ...  , ,  , 
,  ,   
,  ,  
    ; "   ,    ;         
 "
   
     
"         "
   ,  
'  : "   ,      ;   ,    ;   , 
   ,     ;  (  )    ,      ;
  ,     "    ,     ,  
  ,    ,    ,      ,
19,9
50
9, 6, 10
51
10, 41 - 42
 26
       ,           
              ,   
               
              
        
52
     , 

53
 ,               , 
     , , ,        

54
,        "            
               : '  () ;
 () ;     () '
55
        
        
          ,         
           
56
     
                 
-                
         ,         - 
         ,         
 '
57
       ,          
     
58
    ,        
               
59
 
 ,                  
52
3, 17, 6
53
30,6
54
      , 16, 1-3
55
   : 8, 11-13            
,          30,9
56
4, 3, 98
57
"    ,                 
   " , 4004
58
3, 32; 9, 11; 18, 67
59
  -        -      

 27
            ,     

60
-      -        
'' (-  )     -     ,  
   -          ( 
320)         ()     ,    
  ()   ()         
 (- 180)     (  )      , 
-    ,       -      
,               
        4, 3, 98 ,      
'  ,             
    ,                 ,
       ,             
  
  '
61
      "      
     
  
62
"   ,         , 
  