 
 1

 ''
. 190
ISBN: 9788170282167
: 2022 . . 
BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KUCHH VICHAR (Indian Culture)
by Dr. S. Radhakrishan
(Hindi edition of The Present Crisis of Faith)
   , 
  
1590,  ,  , -110006
: 011-23869812, 23865483, 23867791
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 
 2
 

 

 
 3

-        ,       
     ,             
        ,      ,      
     ,                 ,
             
                
                   
                   
 ,        
                -
        -       
      
-
 
 4
 - 
1.  - .................................................................................................................... 5
2.     ........................................................................................................ 16
3.     .................................................................................................... 31
4.  - ................................................................................................................... 47
5.     ...................................................................................................... 54
6.    ............................................................................................................... 58
7.    :  - ............................................................................................. 62
8.     - .......................................................................................... 67
9.     ................................................................................................................ 76
10.    ....................................................................................................... 80
11. - ....................................................................................................................... 85
..  .................................................................................................................... 89
 
 5
1.  -
                ,  
              
               
      ,      ,      
           
 
  ,  
                  
     ,            
      ,           
  
          ;        
 ,      ,      ,    
               
              
                 
     ;   ;      ,  
   ;               
 
             ,       
                  
                
                
             ,     
                   
       , -         
,   - , -        ,  
         ,         
  ,     , -          
   -     ,         
  -           
 
 6
                 
                 

   ,          ,
  -    ,  -, -   -  
 
          -   , 
   ,               
    ,   -       
   -    
        
                   
        - "       ,  
  "                   
  
            - ( 
)                   
      ( )           
             -  -
 ,        
,     -
      ,     -   
  -   -      - ' ,    
1
 
        -         
                     
   
   ,    ,   - 
     ,          
              ()   
        ,   -       '
      -         
    -      -   
1
308          
 
 7
               
                  
                
               
      ,             
               -    
   ,             
 () -           -
         
  ( )     , , 
              
          
      ,      ,       
                    
      ,         
                -
"   "
            ,    
             ,     
,      ,   ,         
  1945               
       
               , 
                  
                 
 -             
   ,             
      ;              
 
 8
                 
 ,  ,              
       
          - ,    
    ,  ,           
    ,             ' 
   ,         "
2
       
                    
                  -
                  
       
       ,         
             ,     
                
 ,    ,  ,      
     
    ,        -   
                   
                
        
          
  ''     18
 29     2000            19   
  '     ': 77           
    , ,   ,        
        -     
        ,           
,       ,      -     
2
308          
 
 9
   ,             
              
 -            
,               ,    
-       -   
  ,       -   
         ,         
  -           -    
 
             -  
,          ,    ,
 ,    -             
              
               
    ,         

-                 
                
         -      
-              -
        
                
                  
           ,       
              
            
    ,             
                   
 
 10
      ,             
 ,       
                
                    
      : '    ,        
   '               '
  ;          ' '   ,   (
  )    '
                
             '-  
    '     '
  '    , ' 
             '    
    
    ' '    -    
        -'-      '
  -              
  
 ( ) -   ,    -   
    ,               
                  
                  
    -          
                  
              -' 
' -      
           - -  
-       -        
                    
          ()      
                 
 
 11
               
                 
                  ,  
         -  ,         
   
                  
   :


,





?








,


,










,




       '     '
   
             
                    ,  
        ,          
  
  ,           ,   
             -   
-              
 
             -
-               , 
  ;          ,    - 
         
              
               
 ,     ,          - 
 
 12
                 
   ,           
      ,     ,     
    '              ,    
,        '    ;
'



,








,


















,






























,












-




,



,

-





,










"
-        ,       
     ,             
        ,      ,      
     ,                 ,
                     : ' 
            ,    
          "
3
    
                  
                    
            ,        
     -            
                
      ,             , 
3
' ' (1953), 472
 
 13
       -, , ,         
     -        ,   
                   
              
                
                   
         
         
    
                
                 ,  '
'   ,            
 ,                
           
               -
        -        
      

           ,   
       ,    
  ,   
   ,             - , 
                   
   : '-, -, 
       ,
-               "
4
'   
 ,         ,       
            '     
(  -  -   )         
             : '      
    '
     ( )             
              ,     
4
   
   - 
 
 14
  ;                
    : '               
          ,        ,  
 ,     "
5
 ()  : '   
      '
                 ,  
-  ,     -         
 ,      --          
      ;              
  ,               
             
   
        
     ,     
      ;       ;        -
 ,             
      -  ,  - 
               , 
        ,      -
()                  
         : "         
  "      : ",    ,    -'  ,
           ''
6
                
          ,     ,        , 
                
      
             
, , -     , -        
        -      
5
, 12-21
6
: 4, 8-10  : 4,5-81
 
 15
     ;    
 ,     -
   ;   -           
               ,  ,
  
         
              ,
        ,         
           -       
     ,              
                    
  ,           
                 
                ,
          ,          
 -                 
                , ,
    
               
,     
               
                  -
                  
  ,                
                    
          ,      
 '"   - "           
       "
7
        - ,    , 
         ,        
  ,              
   
          -       
7
   (1958)
 
 16
    -      ;      
                   
                
2.    
                -
             ,      
,              
          ,    
,                  
              -
   -   -      ,   
     ;           
 
 17
               
   
              - 
                   
                  
   
               
  ()                
              

        (, )   
             
        '-  ' ('   
')     "   ;  ()   ;    ; 
  "
              ,  
          ,  , , -
 
   ,   - -          
       , , , ,     
                -, 
 ,            ,   
 ,           -     
         ,      ,
            
      ()       
        ,      
   -            
         ,    
     
 
 18
         , , , - 
-       ( )    ()  
              
        -      :  -
   (       )      
             ;  -
(,       )        
  ?         ?    ?      ?-   
  -  
-                
     ,   ,         
   : (1)        , (2)     
, (3)    ,  (4)       - 
   --           
   ,     ,  ,    , -
               
            ,    -  
      ,        ,  
-                  
         
        
            :


-















               ,
               
                    '  
                 
           
 
 19
             
   -      
  ?   
,   -
   -            :

































                
  -             :
'          '    - 
  :
'         ,      
             '
               
  :     -
      
         
  -     ,        ?  
       ,      ,      ? 
          ' ' ()  
           ()      ?  
              ?           
 
          ,     
                    
  ,           
 
 20
,         '  '    
  :
"                
,      , ,         , 
    -     ,         
   "
          
               
              
                
    ,         
       
        -      -    
               -
    
         ;        
  ;                - 
    
       ?         
      ,    ,            
     -         
     !              
 -            
 
    -   ,        - 
-    ,          
-     -       '   '  
     : "       ,      
 
 21
 ...                  
  "
 (1-1-2)       ,  -  , , ,
       ,    , '
 ,
 --
     -          - 
         ,          

,    , -      -     
  
               
         ,        -
    ,             
        ,           
    -         
                   
       -       ,     
      -   ,       
-       
 ,      ,        
   ,    ,           
                 
  ,       -   -'
8
   , 
 -          ,      
     -  ,  ''      
          ,        
              -   ,
         ,   ,    
,            ;     ;
-      ()   ()      
      
9
8
, 1-26
9
But I have that within which passeth show,
 
 22
 -                  -
                    
()                
   
 ''                
   -                
    -           
  ;         ,       
  ()            
         -      
      :  '       '   
 -                   
     ;         
          ()      
   -  -        --
            
                  
          
  ,             , 
                
  ,          ,      
,            ,      
         
          ''      
   - -          
                
These but the trappings and the suits of woe.
-, 1-2
 
 23
  ()        ,     , 
                
  ()        -    
       -      
  
               
 - '                 
-                ,     '
   : "              
  "       ,       

       
     :                
     ,             
()           ,       
               ,
                 
   ()          '
10
    
  '
11
   , , , ,      '
12

  : '       ,  ,  ;  ,   ,  
 ;  ,         ;    ,  
     "
13
  ,  -   , 
()           : "       ,
            ,   
-        
14
10
-  
11
  ,
---,  
12
       
13
, 80 ()
14
  '    ' (1958) 14-15, 20      (Paul Tillich) 
: "  ()               
     ,           -
 
 24
  - ,         
                
       - ,   -      
---             
                  
,          
       ,    ,    
-        
   ,     
       -     ,    
       
       -        
    
             '-
, 
        
     '    
        -        
            -    
       -           
        ,     ,   
        -         ,    -
 '
15
-            
                 , '  
             "
16
    
       
                  ,  
          ,   ,        
     ' '                
                    
         "”
15
        -, 21-22
16
 ( ) . 200
 
 25
                - 
             -      
          '   '     -
'                 ;
    ;  
 ;     ;       
                  - 
                  
"
17
           -  ,      
  -      
 -          -      
          -       
                  
   -      ,       
 ,      
         ,       
         ;         
                  
            ,    ,   
   
            -      
                -  
   ,             
                -"  
                   ... 
                 "
18
17
    , 115
18
   
      
 ,
 
   
 
 26
-                
                
   -,       
               
                 
            ,  
  '    ' -      () 
19
  :
    
   
                 
;       ,       ''      
     , ,              
  ,    , -
20
  ,     
   
          -  
             ' '
()        '' (-)        
      ,        - 
    ,        -  ,      
  , 
         -    
-      -     -        
       -         
    ,         -   
    ,             
   
- 11,  12-32
19
10, 10, 1211
20
  
       
 
 27
     
          
'' 
              
        -         
,              ,   
                
               
    ,        ,     
                   
           ,       ,  
    , ' '    -       
 ,               
                   
         
    :
    
        ( 11 )       
       , ' !        
               '
21
             
                  
    ?  , ,           
 ,      ,       ,  
     ,   -   -    ,   
       ,          ,  
  
                
                   
    ,               
        , ,        ,
          ;       
21
   (
), , : ' ', 5 , 1754
 
 28
     -         ,    
   ;              ;   
     ,           
 
  ,                
 ,    --       
     ,            
     ,            
                
   ;    -         
;     ,           - 
 ,                
                    
  
                

   ,  :            
                    
         , , , , ,     
          
        
-  ,   ,   ,   ,     ,   
 
         ,    
                  
,            , -     
        ,  ,        
 ;     
--   ,  ;  -   
          
        
,                 
    ,           -   
 ,   - , --,   , -       
        ,           
 
 29
      
  ,     
               hat H  
  '   ,'-  , ,     
  : "       "        
                    
              ,   ,
              
                 
     ,          , -  
               ,   
        ,     ,    
          ;     
          -       
     ,           
                   ,  
 
    ,             
,                     
     -           
               
                    
                   
                  
 : ,    -           
 ,            ,    
            ()     
    ,               
                  
 
 
 30
 ,      ,       
        ,          
      ,       
                   

   ,        ,   -   
 ,     ,           -,  
 - ,     
               
         ,      
   -, ,  
   , ,  ,           
      ,         
   ,        ,       
 
     ,          
               :
"         ,          
              l''    ,   
 ,    ,     
        ,           
  ,              , 
          ;    -    
    ,             
 63        -      
''                    
 -                
    -  -,     , 

 
 31
  ( )       ;  - 
      ;           
           ,   
  
       ,   ,    
       ,     
  
           ,  -
       
3.    
              
,                  
               ,   
                  
                   
     
              
                   
 ,        ,   ,    
                 ,   
,       ,   -        
              , 
                 
             ,  
,               
             ,  -  
    
,          , ,
       ;        
    ,     ,     
                 
 
 32
                ,
,    ,         ,     ;  
                   
     
   ()        
  ''              
  , '     '         
    '       '   '' 
    '               
   
             
                 
       
       , 
          
   ,
              
 ,
            ,
                
          -     
                
  ()      ,      ,
,           '   ,    
       '  '      
                   ,
    ;             
                    
      
 , , ,         ,
           ,        
                
 ,    ,     ,    
        ,       ,
          ,        
 
 33
,       , '    '       
    ,          ,    
         '          
 ,            '
            
,  ,
"                  
 ,    "           
                    
               
-  , "    '  '     "
    , "              
        ,       "    
                  

              
    
   
  ,       
        -       
               , '      
                '
   ,
        '     ,    , 
        -        
    
 ,      
     
 , ,                
    -              
          ,         
       
   ,        
                 
                    
                   
 
 34
    : "        ,    
          ' ' ()   , , 
  "
22
"  ()   ,    "       ,
             : " 
                   
 ,      "     ',  '    : ",
,  ;   ,     "
23
                 
                
      ,         - 
      
   ,            
             
              ''   
   
22
'    '
23
                      
       
              
  ,         :
"              ;    , 
                 ;  
                ;  
     , -   ,     , 
-     (          
  )   ;    ,       ,   
          ,       
      ;  
        ,  
     ;              
                  
    -       -        
                -  
   ,             " - ,
'      ' (1954),
 
 35
         ,      ,    
    --;              
              : "   , 
            ,       -
       ,      "
                ,  
                 
,    ,   -       ,   
 ,    , ,     ,   
       
               
   , ,        
      
  ,      , 
  ,   ,   ,  ()  , , , 
                     
 ,   ,     ,         
                
   : "      - -       
              ,  
                 
,       ,    ,    
  ,           ()   
   ,      ,     () 
         - , ,   , 
 -           -    
      ''
24
            
  
 
24
'    ', (1954) 1871
 
 36
            
25
  -
                 
         : "    ,      
     ,           ;      
  ,                "   
                  
                     
 ,  ,  -           
           -     
    ,            
 , - , -            
            '
26
      -
 
        -         
,                      
      ,        

      
 
             !    -
   (260  )                 
                  
  
25
 ( )           -        
       
              
                   
                      

       (        
 )
26
 : '    ' (1949), . 1311
 
 37
 12       "         
        ;            
             
  ,     
                    
           -   : '  ', 
-                 
        -         
       ,          
     ,              
 "
27
    --  
          -    
         
 
  ,    ,    ,    
      ,           
                   
()   ,             
  ,              : " ,  
      ; 
          ,   
       "      -    
       ()          
        : "         
                  
   "
28
"        ?          ? 
        ?"
29
            
           -       
      
27
'  ',    (1958), . 51-52
28
1-111
29
 2-10
 
 38
 
           
 
             :
  ,       
- ,       
,      
,         
30
    "           ,    
    "
       :     -  
                     
              
                   
                   
        ,    ,   -   
   ;                
                  
     ,               
       ()           
-            ;  - 
           
    ()         
    ()    ,       
                 
30
O God, most glorious, called by many a name.
Nature's Great King, through endless years the same,
Omnipotence, who by Thy just decree
Controllest all, hail, Zeus, for unto thee
Behaves Thy creatures in all lands to call
 
 39
 -        '
31
      
    ,     ,   ,    25   
   ( )      , 
   , - 
   ,     ,   ()  ,       
   ,    
      ()          
                
'' (   -)   '       '
    - ()        ,   -
        '' (       -
)                   -
                  -
   ,        '      
          '        
  
 
 (    )         
                 ,
                
                  
  ,             ,  
            "    ,   
31
            ,    
     ,   ()        ,  
         -          
  ....               ,  
                    
               ...    
        ,           
                 
                       -
      , ,         (1907),
251-31   '     '    -       '

 
 40
   ,           " "   , 
  "             
   
         -  
-    ,             
     ,               :
                ()  
-     '  ,    ,     
  '                 
        ,       ?
     
                 -  
      , "    -      
          ,        
 ;   -              
         () ,        
  -    "     ,      
;  -   ;      "     
 --              
      "  ,   ,   , 
    "      ' '        ''
(-,   )           , 
         ,        
           - 
            -    
                     
                  
          ',       '
 -                
   (       ),        
             
  ( )  , "  ,  ' (Logos-)  -
 -    ,      ,     , 
 
 41
       -  -       
        ()      
          "      ;   
          "
       
    " ,   ,        
   ,      ,  -      
            ,   
                  ''
32
           (-)  
   (Schleier- macher)  , "         
 ...         " " -  
          ,        
  
  "  ''           ,
"      ,          
   "   , "            ,
           "
       '     '     
    ()             
            -       
          -"     
,     ... -   -   "
   (= )    ,      
 - ()            
    - "            
                
        "         
      
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        
 '  '              
          
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Uno religio in rituum varietate
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 ,    ()  ,        
 
 42
              
-     -        
       ,  
    ;    , 
   ,              
                   
          -    
         
     -           
        -,    -
   
   ,    ,   ,    ,  
     
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     : " (  )        () 
                  , 
                   
                  :   
       ,         (   
)                
      ,            
() -      ()         
           ,    ,    
      -           
          -     
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    -"                 
 ,                 
   ,      ,        ,      
          -       , 
      (
)         
                 ,    -
                    "
-  (1952), . 86
 
 43
          ''
35
      '  
     '        '        
         '

               ,
   ()             
        ()        
                
    ',   '         
                  , 
  ,       - ,       
   
             
              
         ;         
       
  
               ( 767)
 : "          "
36
   -  
           ,      , 
   ,               
           ,      ,
    
37
35
'    ' (1954), 149
36
  1, 691
37
"                  
                -    
          "-      
 
 44
  ( 1230)   "      ...  
              "
38
   
        ,        
            '-''
39
  
,    ' -'             
              '
40
  
   ,               
      -       ,      

41
                  
   
A Church or a Temple or a Kaaba stone,
Koran or Bible or a Martyr's soul,
All these and more my heart can tolerate,
Since my religion now is love alone.
( )
38
 
39
    ' '-',     (1954)
40
      ,
       ,
        ,
 
  ;
     
    ,     
   ;   
   ,    ,
     ,
     ,
    ,
         
      
  ; -  
        
- '    ',   , 1141
41
     , 1916) 74-75
 
 45










,


,



















,





,



,

,

      ,         
      -         
                    
                 ,
     ,   -          
                 ,   
               
                 
                   
    ,              
      ,         
   ,                
                 , 
           "        
        ,             

  ''            : ',   ; 
              
              ,    
         --       
                     
       ,           
       ,         
 ,  , "           ,      
                     
  ,     ;            
  ,            
"  
   , "       ,        
 
 46
       -- "
42
  , "  
             "
43
       ,           
                   
          ,         
               -
   -              ,
, , ,            ,    
                
              , -  
    ,        ,      
                   
      
44
        , 
  -   ,   '      '   
      ( )      '  ' ( 4-16)  
''           ( 1, 9);        
           (1.  11 - 4 ) -  
                 ,
                  
              , -   
                   
                 
 ,                
            
 
42
     ,   (1941), 698
43
   (1933), 661
44
     -"      ,       
             ,       - 
      ,        ...       ,
  ,                   
  !"
- ,  1954, 112-1151
 
 47
     -     -       
   -  
                 
                  :









,









(10-191)
 ; -  ;     ,   - ; 
  ;    ,      
4.  -
-  -               , 
      ,          
                 
               -    
                      
 -                
              
                  
     -        
                - 
                 
             - 
 
 48
             -       
              
               
      ,    - -     
   ,      
     -         
  ,           ,    
              
              
  ()     
    
        ,     
                 
          , ,     
               ' 
'           
 (Comte)             
            -   
           ,    
            ,    
  
              , 
 -           
                
     
            
              
    ,       
 
 49
             
           -   
;          
                 , 
                   
  -           
           ,         
     ,         ,    
                   
          , -  -
         ,        - 
                  
           -  
     ''            ,
         ,    ,   
,  ,          
               
         ,     ,  
             
         '    '   
 :
"               
         -       
               ,  
                   
                    
                    ;  
    
      ,      
 ,                
 
 50
               
                   ,  -
                  ,
       ,    ,    '  ' 
       "
                 
()       ,        
             -
           -    
    -             
            
    , 
   - ,             
  ,          
                    ,
               
         
              ,   
                     

         , -   ,
        ,     
           
      ,    ;  ,
 ,  , - ,      
              

      
              
                
 
 51
             - (
 )               
              ,  ,
  ;               ( 
   )             
               
                 
    ,              
  -- ,         
''   '     ,    '    
  ,            ,   ,

                
                   
, -        ,   ,        
                
  ,              
         ,  ,  ,  , 
   ,              

                  
                 
          ,     ,
                  ,   
-   ,           
             
,    ()            
   -               -
            -
 
 52
               
            ,     
 -               
       ,       , 
                
              -
                   
 ,   ,       ()    
        
           ,     
             - ,   
      ,      ,      
                  
             ,   
         ;  ()     
                 

-
              
-
                   
              ,
     ,             
  -   -           
  
        
  ,    
                    
  --    
                  
 
            
    
 
 53
      -         
          ?          
  -     ?      ,  
      ,            ,
                 
     -           
 - -           
   - (    )           
              
,             '  ,      
  l
45
        
45
, 4-41
 
 54
5.    
               
  
              , 
                   
         ,   ,     
              
   :









       ,     ,  -
  
           ;     ,
             -
      ,    
      
               
  
              
                 
       - ,  - ,          
 -    -     -
      -            
 ;                    
               
 
 55
,      ,       ,     
       ,           
   ,               , 
  ,             ,     
        ,       
 
           
           ,     
                
   -              
        ,            
                    
                    
                 
              ;    
 ,              
                
               -
             
              
, ,            
                   
                     
               -
         ,      
       ,    -      
   , -, -      
  -,        ,    
            
    (            )  
                    
 
 56
                    
                  
-    ;            
                
                 
  ,            
              
            - 
                 
           -    ,  
   ,              
                 
                  
   -  
                  
          ,       
                 
          ,         
  -             
        ,      ,    
      ; -          
   -          -  
                 
                 , 
           -    ;
           ,   ,
     
                 
   : "-         ,  -   
 
                  ,  
 
 57
               ,    
   "       ,   ''     
                 
                  
               

     -  -  ,    
                 
  ,                   
                 
    , -       -    ,
     -   
 
 58
6.    
        ,      
                   
    ,               
                 
                   
                
              
    -          
     ,          , ,   
   ,                  
 -                 
                    

  ,      ,          
-                  
            ,   
     ,       ,     
                    
                 
     ,              
    -   ,      - 
 ( )    -, ,        
 ,                

     -             
    ,   -          
        -     -     , 
 
 59
 ,               
   -             
                
                
                   
       :     ,        
               
          -     ,
-                
                   
              
           ,   ,  
  , ,  -   ,     ,    
      -
 
      ,          
  ,     ,        -   
               ; 
               
           -   
                  
      ,          
     , -    ,        
             ,      
             
                  
          
     
   
                
                  
                    
 
 60
       ,            
                     
                  
                  ,
   -              
                     
                     -
     ;  -          
  -  ,      -    
                  
       
    ,     
      
           
                  
              , - 
         ,    , -  
                 
    -             ,   
   -              ,  
               
                  
    ,             
            
              
                - 
       , ,   - 
-              , 
 ,   ,             
                   
            ,     
             , - ,
 
 61
             -   
   
                 
                      
     -         -    
                   
            ;         
                     
                
             ,  , 
,                ,    
 -    ,        -   
       -, , , , , ,  
-      
         
         -        
                 
               ,  
-     - ,         
    -    ''      ,
    
   ,            
                 
        -    ,   - 
                  
                 
         -  
 
 62
7.    :  -
              
                    
      :          
                  
          ,        
  '
46
     11 , 1895        ,
   : "        ,       
             "   ,
  -            
    --                
 ,      ,  -        
   
    -    
 ,  
        ,          
   ;    ;     ;      ,
   ,   ,         
  ?
1.           ,   ,   
      -         
        -    ; -  
        
.
2.     -          
       -         
       
46
         
 
 63
3.  ()     -        
  ,             
     -          
        --, -  -
   ,        ,    
                
         ,    
       , , ,      
    ,   -      
  
4.  ,               ,    
          ,          
       -  , -   
              ,   
     -       
5.                  '
      ,           "
47





 ,   ,   ,     ,   
                    
     -           
                   
       :









,




47
    
 
 64
              
               :   
....'
48
               
          



                 
 ;    ,            
         -     -   
 -   - 
  -      
 
                  
               
              
   
  -             
       ,        
   
          , 
   "               
  "           
     -       
   ,        -     
 
          ,       
    : "               
48
  :
 
      
 
 65
          ''
49
-       
             
           ; ,      
  -                
          ,       
, ,      
      ,   
                  
       , -, ,     
  
-              
       -         
      , "         
   -     -      -  
  -                   
                -  
             "
50
                 
  , "            
                -
   ,            "
               
                
                  
    77 / (376)  ,  , ,    , ,  ,
 -  "       ,       6
, 1945                 
   ,       
49
  :     , 461
50
       , 4-5
 
 66
                 
               
           ,  -    
                
      -     
         ,   ''  ,   
-  (       
  )   

               dot 4 ,  
    ,           , 
                  
  -              
 ,   ,         ;  
       ,          
                 
        ,      - 
                     
                  
 ,               
,           
                  
       -    ,  
                   
         ;         
   ,         '
51
   
                ,    
                    
   
51
   
    7  
 
 67
  '      '         -
         :          
                  
          -         
                 
   ,         
8.     -
                 
    ,       ,       
 
 68
                  
              
         -,  
-     '
52
         -
              
           ,  - 
   -              
,             
                
    -     , -       
           ,    -   , , ,
-     (  ,   )         
              ,    
              -
 ,       -
        
           
    
                
  ,   -,
     
     : "           
               
 , ,  (), , -,         
 "
53
           
        ,          
               
    : , , , ,   
52
     "   , ,           
,     ,           ,  
  "-    (1954), 4
53
  :     ,    , 1958, 7
 
 69
       ,     
54
 
    
       ,      
   -            
       

,
55





,



                
            ,     '
56

         ,  , -, , ,
    ,  ,            
  
               
-                 
    -       
 ,             
    ,        -  
       ,        ,
            401   410   
        320   380      -  
                  
54

 
    
   
 
55
:     
56

:
" - !     ,     ,   ()    ()
                      
 ,               "
- 4,   8,       
 
 70
        -     
  ,
       606   647     ,    ,   
                  
                
'   ,         ,     ,  
 - ,    ,        
             "
57
             --
               
                
Ye may know each other
Not that ye may despise each other
8. XLIX 13.

-





-




             ,  
             -  
      
  -          -     
  :  -  -    
       ,      ,    

                
             ,    
    ,        
          ,          
                     
57
 :  (1890), 171
 
 71
                  
         ;    
              
  ;              
        -       , ,
                 
  
              -   
               
    -   -      :    
    -            -  
 ,            
      :             
   .       ,      
 ,              
  -    ,   ,  
-         ,     
 ,      -    
,     , 
          -       
               
    
             -     
              
 ,  
  
           
          ,        
        -        
      ,   ,       
           
     ,        -,  
 , 
     -   :
 
 72


,






      
    --   
          ,   (), ,    
                  
       ?           ,  
        ?
             
                   
               
              
               
                
               
     , ,       
       
-          
             - 
  14           ,     
                

              
       ,       -  , ,
         ,        - 
  ?    ;       ,        
     -      
 ,          ,     
               
                 
 
 73
                  
                
              
                 
         
-      
  ;              
            -    
              -
                  
              -
       ,           
   -           
         -   
               
       -         
      ,            
 
-              
                   
     -    
     --  ;    
          ,        
             
    ,         
   
         ,   -     
         -   - 
    
    :






 
 74






"                
-  "
 
  ,        , 
              
 ,        ,         
    ,      ,      
      ,            ,
    -    ,  , , , ,
,  ,       
 ,          ,     
                
    
            ,     
           347         
             :
"     ,             
                
 ,             -      , 
     ,   "
   ,          --
         75        
    25              , 
              
    
        ,  
         
      -    ,       
         ,       -   
 
 75
     , ,       ,      
             ;   
 ,          - 
                 
             
, ,             
      , -    ,  
       ,      
                 
            -   
        ,       
              ;     
        ,      , ,  
               , 
       ,     
           -       
  -                 
   -  -           -
      ,    ,         
   
 
 76
9.    
  1947      ,     
                 
  
           
    ,
    -    
                
      - 
  ,      ,   
        
          
 ,                 ,  
         ,  -       
                  
     ,   -,     
     ,              
   -    -        
          ,      

            
      ;     ;      
 
 77
      ,       
 ,      ,    , , 
  ,
   ,   ();          
                : 
                 
                 
,       ,          
  ,             ,     
               
         -    
 
          ,      
                   
             
                 
       -        
               
    
           
            
                 
                    
                  , 
  ()    ,          
               -   
                 ,     
   ,        ,         ,
      ,             
                  
        
 
 78
        
    
    ,               
             
    
 
         ,  -  
               
          -   
                  
   -             
 
     - ,       
     -,          
   ,  '    ',     ?     , 
 ,             ;     
,       -           
   ,         -         
      '' -             
  ;                 
   
      ,       
                
  ;         ,       
      -  
      , 
 ,          -   ,       ;
             
                  
               ,  
     ,  ,            
                -
 ,     -          
 ,             
 
 79
                   ,
   -  ,       ,  
                
  ,  
        
       -    ,    ,
                  
 -       - ,  , 
    ,         ,  
  
              

     ,      ,     
, -      ,       
          ?   -   , 
  ,      -      ?     
                  - 
,            ,       , 
  , , , 
 ,          
-                
                  
       
                
                 
   ,              - 
                     
     -           
     -          
 -
              
    , ",             "
     "    ,         " 
              ,    
 
 
 80
10.   
               ,  
                
               
,           -    
            -    , 
         ,    -   
         ;          
 - ,        
           (266  )   
 '      ,             ' 
       ;     '  ,   
 ,                   
    '               
    :            
                  
                   
              -    
     
 
 81
         ,   ,      
           ;        
                      
    --          
     ,          
    ,    -    
               
                   
     -          
        
                   
,                
  ,               
         ,       
     
         ,   - 
   ,              
                  ,  
  ,    ,              
    ,    (-),   ,  
,   , -    (,   ) - 
-      , -       ;    
    -            
 ,   ,    (),   ,    
-    , -             
     -, 
      -  ,  
              -    
                 -  
         , -    
              ,
 
 82
           
       
 -      
             ()    
                    
                
      ,     ,        
                  
      -      - "      ?"
  - "   "    - "      "
                 
                 -
"                  
            ‘’      
    '            
           -     
                   
 ,       ,       ,     
         
       ;      
  ,                
-                    
                   
    ? ,              ,
               ,   , 
        ,     
   ,               ,
 ,                ' 
  ,      '    '    '
        : "     ,    
   ,         "   ,  
 
 83
,   ,    ,          
-                
     
      
 ,   
      -  , ;   ,     
                 
               
          ,        ,
         ,    ,  
                  -
   -,      ,       
- ,              
                
                 
         ,         
 
  -  -     :
1.  -            -  
               
2.  -                 
   -             - 
                  
   : "     ,     "      :
"     !     -'        
   ""
3. -  -         ,    
                - 
 ,       ,       : ",
  ,     "         -,
       
 
 84
4.  -               -
,                 
   
  ,         
           ,       
                    
                  -
               ,
  -     : "       ,   
              :  
               ,   
    -   "  -      
                  
  
5.  --        ,    ,    
                
      ,      ,     
   
    ,           
       ?   ,     
 
 85
11. -
              , 
,               
    3250        ,      
 ,               
         ,       ,
  ,      ,       
         ,         ,
  ,   ,            
         -    
           -       
                     
 , -              
                 
              
 ;                  
                  
        
          ,    
 ,         
      
  
                
                   
              , ,
-                
  ,               
                      
      -              
 
 86
                    -
          
     ,     ,    
     ,    ,           ,
                  
     ,       ,       

   ,                 
                  
   
,                
                  
   ;               
     ;       
 ( 
)           ;    ( )   
 (  )       
  -  
 -        -       
              
               
   ,              - 
 ; -       -         ,   
      -           -   
-     -              
      '  '        
 -                      
      ,      
               ,    
                   ,  
        
   '       
    '             
    -  
 
 87
                   
                   
       - ()       
                 
                  
                  
 -             :  ,
    -           - 

    -          
 ,              ,   
 -              
    
()          
                   
        ,         
       --    ,     
               
                 
             ,   
   ;              
,   
                
          
       
 
             : '   
                   
              '  
 -       --,   ,   
 , , ,  
 
 88
          -     
            ,    
    -         
000
 
 89
.. 
.              
               
                
           ,       
                    
       ,            
  
             ,    
                      
         